“Freezers” for qubits from IBM – new project for standard data centers

The process of setting up modern data centers with quantum computers is extremely challenging, because every machine requires sophisticated cryogenic and vacuum systems. There was no universal rack that could connect various units for massive quantum platforms. However, recently IBM presented universal cryogenic modules that can function as a refrigerator.

Technical Insights about the New System

For the creation of a single ultra-cold environment, developers united two modular cryogenic units. Such architecture will suit future quantum computers perfectly. During testing, the new system cooled to 4 K in less than five days. This temperature is necessary for the superconducting qubits, because even minimal thermal changes can significantly disrupt the quantum states.  

IBM developed rectangular cryogenic “cells” that can be located side by side. Each cell has an independent cooling system and several layers of thermal shields. The single vacuum cell volume is approximately 2.75 m³. Such a system offers up to 12 times more space for wiring, which means it can significantly increase the number of connections between adjacent processor units.

The major element for further project scaling should be L-couplers, which can connect quantum processors at a distance of about a meter. Later this year, the company is planning to conduct testing with actual quantum processors.  

IBM has long-term plans for the future development of this project. However, according to some recent perspectives, the company expects to use L-couplers by 2027, and the primary goal is to create the IBM Starling system by 2029. So, the new cryogenic modules are helping to solve the main issue with housing, cooling, and interconnecting a huge number of quantum processors for standard data centers.

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